Here is the full errorlog:

@Wulf - I will do this in the afternoon. Also I've got an update: After I've restarted the mission completely from the beginning, the problem did not occour anymore. I was able to play the whole cornerstone campaign without a single crash. Really strange.

After removing "-nologs" it generates that report. It has more details.

Oh it did create a crash report:

Still in 1.80. Is there even sb working on this?

Since 1.80 I'm also experiencing crash to desktop. It happens randomly in the cornerstone (TacOps pack) mission. The game runs just fine but suddenly a crash-message pops up and that's it. I can click the "OK" button only by pressing spacebar, because no mouse visible. After this, I'm just back at my desktop. Nothing else happens.
It does not even generate a bug report zip file

The 2d map editor was abolished some months ago. But you can import old missions and -while in the map editor- press the "M" key to switch to map mode. It is not the same editor but it very much feels like the old one.

This really sounds bad!
Another possibility is that your Arma 3 profile directory somehow got corrupted. Next thing you could try is to
locate your arma 3 profile folder (my documents\arma 3) and rename that folder to "arma 3.old" (or so)
and try again.
If this still fails be sure to rename your folder back!

What steps did you follow? Please describe clearly what you have tried so far.
Best practice is to disable all mods and check game file integrety prior to submit a bug report.

Your logfile says that it cannot find dozens of files. I recommend you to use the steam-file-check routine to verify the integrety of your game files.

In your logfile it says several things:

It did work on x64 linux before apex came out.

Perhaps your computer overheats. You should check if your CPU (and GPU) fan is dusty.

Can confirm this. Yet this report is sort of a duplicate of T125411.