What are your Launch Options set to?

It crashes both with and without these launch options (-winxp -maxMem=7168 -cpuCount=3 -maxVram=3072 -exThreads=3 -nosplash -noPause, -noborder -windowed)

I'm guessing you followed the "Increase FPS" guide found on Steam in which -winxp will crash you when adjusting settings and/or alt+tabbing out of the game. And considering the nature of your error code that seems to be related.

You said you were having problems without any launch options selected. Are you currently running DayZ in Windows XP (Service Pack 3) compatibility mode? If so, try disabling that. If you followed the guide closely and set your config files to read only this can also cause you to crash, mostly upon changing settings and leaving the game or leaving the settings menu.

If you cannot get the game to run without crashing after removing all launch options and setting it to run without compatibility and disabling the Read Only option on dayzprofile and dayz.cfg (a reinstall may be needed, but this is a worst case scenario, once we rule out these issues we'll take a look at your GFX settings if it should persist).

Once you've done the above, try:
DayZ > Properties > Local Files > Verify Integrity Of Game Cache...

After trying all of the above and still no change, copy your config files found in My Documents > DayZ into a separate folder somewhere else and delete the config files. DayZ should automatically restore those files, for whatever reason if it does not work after that someone else more knowledgeable may have to take a look at it.

Only DayZ.cfg was set to read-only, but removing that didn't change anything.
Compatibility Mode was not set.
I forced the game to restore the config files, that only reset my settings and resolution to 640x480 and it crashes now when I try to set it back to my native resolution.
I verified the game cache after each change I made, no problems here.
I guess I will have to try reinstalling the game then.

Reinstalling the game fixed the issues.