I've got the same problem:

Linux Distribution: Ubuntu 15.10
Kernel Version: 4.2.0-16-generic #19-Ubuntu SMP Thu Oct 8 15:35:06 UTC 2015

Hardware Info:
Machine Type To Be Filled By O.E.M. To Be Filled By O.E.M. To Be Filled By O.E.M.
CPU Type AuthenticAMD x86_64
CPU Info AMD A8-7600 Radeon R7, 10 Compute Cores 4C+6G
CPU Speed 3100 MHz
CPU Physical Cores 4
CPU Logical Cores 4
Physical Memory 14355156 KiB
Virtual Memory 16601084 KiB
[...]
[thread 0000000f][E][723834]: Program from shader GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER with length 20611 and CRC 0xae61bc1c has not been successfully linked. Program info log:
error: Too many fragment shader texture samplers

OpenGL vendor string: X.Org
OpenGL renderer string: Gallium 0.4 on AMD KAVERI (DRM 2.43.0, LLVM 3.8.0)
OpenGL core profile version string: 4.1 (Core Profile) Mesa 11.1.0-devel (padoka
PPA)

I also included my crash dump file 57ddd331-1ca5-fbe9-208791b9-1ae8f82a.dmp (zipped)

I tried with different kernel versions (4.3, 4.2...) and hope that it's not an AMD problem.

According to VP; Mesa is not as fully OpenGL compliant as the closed-source drivers, and thus we do not support them on Linux port. It is only a very bleeding edge version of Mesa that supports OpenGL 4.1 fully, and even then it only supports this on the software renderers (gallium) and AMD r600 driver (which only seems to cover older AMD Terascale based cards).

The short answer is - We do not support it currently.

We recommend using AMD catalyst driver described here:
https://community.bistudio.com/wiki/Arma_3_Experimental_Ports#AMD

We are sorry for any inconveniences.

Okay -thx for the info and let's hope the vulcan architecture will do any good in the future for/with AMD. At the moment their catalyst driver support for linux really sucks.

For others:
At the moment you can't use catalyst on ubuntu kernel 4.2 which is shipped with 15.10
http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Ubuntu-15.10-4.2-Cat-Not-Ready

Solution for running Catalyst - stay with 14.04.2 LTS or install ppa 4.1 kernel.
You can also try to compile fglrx with gcc-4.9 instead of gcc-5.0 to avoid crashes on kernel 4.2...
http://ati.cchtml.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1189

The VP port is running very smooth with the catalyst driver so far. One thing I observed which is crucial for running the system on linux to avoid other "mysterious" crashes. The /tmp partition should have at least 2 GB of free space. After some time the game uses up to 1.5 GB tmp files and will crash if you run out space...