Iirc you loose about 1000 water and (maybe) some energy when puking. That can be exploited, I did that extreme with pumpkins yesterday:

Farm some pumpkins, ended up with 9 or so. Eat all the pumpkins...you can eat 2 and then you puke ... you get the hydration and energy of the pumkin and then loose some for puking ... but you end up with higher energy than before and you can eat another 2. After such a pumkin orgy you are energized for a long time ... probably maxed out at 20000 energy.

Adjusting water/energy loss for puking is problematic, because you can easily loose more than 4 liters of water without dying irl and it would (in my opinion) mess up the balancing for sicknesses in the game. BUT it could be possible to keep track of nutrition and water of the stomach content and reduce both appropriatelly when puking because of over-eating.